使用Fragment

优点

  • 简化对UI的重用,将UI和交互放到Fragment里面,可以方便的针对不同设备设置不同的UI(如pad显示两个fragment,phone显示一个);

完整生命周期

FullFragmentAndActivityLifeCycle.png

使用fragment

  • 直接在layout.xml里面声明一个Fragment
  • 使用FragmentManager动态添加、替换、移除;
    • 必须通过FragmentTransaction来完成动态改变;
    • addToBackStack()方法可以支持通过返回键回退到上一个Fragment;
  • Fragment的isInLayout()方法可以判断Fragment是否已经显示;
  • 可以通过放在不同文件夹下(values,values-land等)的xml文件中的变量值,在代码中动态获取值,来达到判断当前运行模式/设备的目的;
  • Fragment的Transaction支持动画;

使用Fragment进行后台处理(Headless Fragment)

  • onCreateView返回null;
  • 结合setRetainInstance()方法,让Fragment在应用程序配置发生变化(横竖屏、屏幕尺寸)时,不会被destroy,从而继续执行后台任务;
  • 通过为Fragment设置tag,可以在之后获取fragment实例;
  • 效果类似于MVP中的ViewState;

Fragment不利于单元测试

  • Fragment的life cycle很复杂
  • View controllers? Not so fast.
    操作view,有很多view相关的代码,不利于单元测试
  • Fragment transactions
    异步过程,当接收到多个click事件,或者configuration changes时,程序将处于未知状态
  • Fragment creation magic
    fragment manager可能会使用反射接口重新创建fragment,而fragment有可能会作为内部类被定义,没有public的构造函数,问题就来了
  • Fragments: lessons learned
    • Single Activity Interface:使用不同的Fragment实现界面,动效、生命周期将变得更容易
    • The backstack isn't an activity specific notion; you can implement a backstack within an activity.
    • There is no need for new APIs; everything we needed was there from the very beginning: activities, views, and layout inflaters.
  • Responsive UI: fragments vs custom views
  • 扩展阅读:使用custom views构建single activity app:Simpler Android apps with Flow and Mortar

Fragment Transactions & Activity State Loss

java.lang.IllegalStateException: Can not perform this action after onSaveInstanceState
    at android.support.v4.app.FragmentManagerImpl.checkStateLoss(FragmentManager.java:1341)
    at android.support.v4.app.FragmentManagerImpl.enqueueAction(FragmentManager.java:1352)
    at android.support.v4.app.BackStackRecord.commitInternal(BackStackRecord.java:595)
    at android.support.v4.app.BackStackRecord.commit(BackStackRecord.java:574)
  • 原因:在activity的state被save之后,commit FragmentTransaction,会抛出这个异常
  • 当activity在后台被杀死之后,会通过onSaveInstanceState回调让程序可以保存数据(状态),其中dialog, fragment, view的状态由framework负责保存和恢复
  • 因为FragmentTransaction#commit()在onSaveInstanceState()后被调用了,系统为了防止activity state loss,抛出了该异常
  • 从3.1起,安卓系统对于Activity生命周期的维护发生了变化
    android_activity_life_cycle_change.png support库的行为:
    android_activity_life_cycle_change2.png
  • 如何避免

    • Be careful when committing transactions inside Activity lifecycle methods
      只在onCreate或者响应用户的输入时才会commit,不会遇到这个问题;但如果在onActivityResult、onStart、onResume等其他生命周期函数中调用,则会有风险,尤其是onResume,推荐使用FragmentActivity#onResumeFragments()/Activity#onPostResume()中调用,而不是onResume。

      private boolean mReturningWithResult = false;
      
      @Override
      protected void onActivityResult(int requestCode, int resultCode, Intent data) {
        super.onActivityResult(requestCode, resultCode, data);
        mReturningWithResult = true;
      }
      
      @Override
      protected void onPostResume() {
        super.onPostResume();
        if (mReturningWithResult) {
            // Commit your transactions here.
        }
        // Reset the boolean flag back to false for next time.
        mReturningWithResult = false;
      }
      
    • Avoid performing transactions inside asynchronous callback methods.
      回调内已经对Activity的状态没有保证了,强烈建议不要这么做;
    • Use commitAllowingStateLoss() only as a last resort.

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